Латинская Америка как зона конкуренции в турецко- иранских отношениях

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Аннотация

Одной из отличительных черт отношений между Турецкой Республикой и Исламской Республикой Иран является уникальное сочетание сотрудничества и соперничества. Использование религиозных организаций и конфессий в качестве внешнеполитического инструмента, задействование «мягкой силы», а также налаживание экономических связей в последние годы определяют характер турецкой и иранской внешней политики в Латинской Америке. При этом Турция и Иран зачастую применяют не одни и те же, а разные внешнеполитические методы. В рамках данной статьи предпринята попытка проанализировать внешнеполитические аргументы, используемые Анкарой и Тегераном в Латинской Америке, и определить уровень их конкуренции на континенте.

Об авторах

Гелен Сефер

Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: sefergelen001@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3127-3517

аспирант

Россия, РФ, 199034 Санкт-Петербург, Университетская наб., д. 7–9

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