<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Dentistry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Dentistry</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский стоматологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2802</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-2934</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">55297</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/1728-2802-2020-24-4-273-277</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Application of hirudotherapy in the complex treatment of periodontal diseases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применение гирудотерапии в комплексном лечении заболеваний пародонта</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdullayeva</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдуллаева</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>valeri99@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bozhedomov</surname><given-names>A. Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Божедомов</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>valeri99@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pustovaya</surname><given-names>Elena P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пустовая</surname><given-names>Елена Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры ортопедической стоматологии РУДН</p></bio><email>valeri99@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Slonova</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Слонова</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>valeri99@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karnaeva</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карнаева</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>valeri99@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozhevnikova</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кожевникова</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>valeri99@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ «Российский университет дружбы народов» (РУДН)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>273</fpage><lpage>277</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-12-16"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-12-16"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, ООО "Эко-Вектор"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Эко-Вектор"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2023-08-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjdentistry.com/1728-2802/article/view/55297">https://rjdentistry.com/1728-2802/article/view/55297</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article reviews research data on the etiology, pathogenesis, and features of inflammatory periodontal diseases, the possibilities of using hirudotherapy to treat this group of diseases, and the mechanisms of action of this method. The literature search was conducted using the databases Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, and Global Health. The mechanisms by which medical leeches influence the human body were analyzed.</p> <p>It is known that the progression of inflammatory periodontal diseases depends on risk factors such as age, smoking, gender, socio-economic factors, and some systemic diseases. The main features of chronic and acute periodontitis are periodontal pockets accompanying the loss of bone mass and attachment of the tooth to the alveolar process, which occur unevenly throughout the dentition. The decisive factor in inflammatory periodontal diseases is the presence of microorganisms. Hirudotherapy is a treatment method using the medical leech Hirudo medicinalis. In their secretion, leeches have more than 20 bioactive molecules with various effects. Their therapeutic mechanisms include six subtypes: a decrease in the content of cellular elements and neutrophils in mixed saliva, normalization of the microflora of the periodontal pocket, and an increase in the number of lactobacilli. The treatment method using leeches leads to a decrease in the depth of the periodontal pockets, normalization of the periodontal index, and tooth mobility. Hirudotherapy leads to a noticeable improvement in the clinical condition of periodontal tissues, is convenient to perform, affordable, and can be recommended for use in the practice of periodontists.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье проведен обзор данных исследований, посвященных этиологии и патогенезу, особенностям воспалительных заболеваний пародонта, возможностям применения гирудотерапии при этой группе заболеваний и механизмам действия данного метода. Поиск литературы проводился по базам данных Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine и Global Health. Проанализированы механизмы воздействия медицинских пиявок на организм человека.</p> <p>Известно, что прогрессирование воспалительных заболеваний пародонта зависит от факторов риска, таких как возраст, курение, пол, социально-экономические факторы и некоторые системные заболевания. Основными особенностями хронического и острого пародонтита являются пародонтальные карманы, сопутствующая им потеря костной массы и прикрепления зуба к альвеолярному отростку, которые происходят неравномерно по всему зубному ряду. Решающим фактором при воспалительных заболеваниях пародонта является наличие микроорганизмов. Гирудотерапия — метод лечения при помощи медицинских пиявок Hirudo medicinalis. В своем секрете пиявки имеют более 20 биоактивных молекул, которые оказывают различные эффекты. Терапевтические механизмы включают шесть подтипов. Среди них снижение содержания клеточных элементов и нейтрофилов в смешанной слюне, нормализация микрофлоры пародонтального кармана, рост числа лактобацилл. Метод лечения пиявками приводит к уменьшению глубины пародонтальных карманов, нормализации показателей пародонтального индекса и подвижности зубов. Гирудотерапия приводит к заметному улучшению клинического состояния тканей пародонта, отличается удобством в исполнении, доступностью и может быть рекомендована для использования в практике врачей-пародонтологов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gingivitis</kwd><kwd>periodontitis</kwd><kwd>hirudotherapy</kwd><kwd>treatment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гингивит</kwd><kwd>пародонтит</kwd><kwd>гирудотерапия</kwd><kwd>лечение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khader YS, Dauod AS, El Qaderi SS, Alkafajei A, Batayha WQ. Periodontal status of diabetics compared with nondiabetics: a metaanalysis. J. Diabetes Complications. 2006;20(1):59–68. Doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.05.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khader Y.S., Dauod A.S., El Qaderi S.S., Alkafajei A., Batayha W.Q. Periodontal status of diabetics compared with nondiabetics: a metaanalysis. J. Diabe-tes Complications. 2006;20(1):59–68. Doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.05.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gotsman, Lotan C, Soskolne WA, Rassovsky S, Pugatsch T, Lapidus L, et al. Periodontal destruction is associated with coronary artery disease and perio-dontal infection with acute coronary syndrome. J. Periodontol. 2007;78(5):849–58. Doi: 10.1902/jop.2007.060301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gotsman I., Lotan C., Soskolne W.A., Rassovsky S., Pugatsch T., Lapidus L., et al. Periodontal destruction is associated with coronary artery disease and periodontal infection with acute coronary syndrome. J. Periodontol. 2007;78(5):849–58. Doi: 10.1902/jop.2007.060301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demmer RT, Papapanou PN. Epidemiologic patterns of chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2010;53:28–44. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00326.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demmer R.T., Papapanou P. N. Epidemiologic patterns of chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2010;53:28–44. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00326.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalkwarf KL, Kaldahl WB, Patil KD. Evaluation of furcation region response to periodontal therapy. J. Periodontol. 1988;59(12):794–804. Doi: 10.1902/jop.1988.59.12.794.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalkwarf K.L., Kaldahl W.B., Patil K.D. Evaluation of furcation region response to periodontal therapy. J. Periodontol. 1988;59(12):794–804. Doi: 10.1902/jop.1988.59.12.794.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albandar JM, Brunelle JA, Kingman A. Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988–1994. J. Periodontol. 1999;70(1):13–29. Doi: 10.1902/jop.1999.70.1.13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albandar J.M., Brunelle J.A., Kingman A. Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988–1994. J. Periodon-tol. 1999;70(1):13–29. Doi: 10.1902/jop.1999.70.1.13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salvi G, Lawrence L, Offenbacher S. Influence of risk factors on the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 1997:14:173–201. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00197.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salvi G., Lawrence L., Offenbacher S. Influence of risk factors on the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 1997:14:173–201. Doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00197.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karpenko IN, Bulkina NV, Ponukalina EV. Modern ideas about the etiology and pathogenesis of rapidly progressive periodontitis. Arkhiv patologii. 2009;71(1):57–9. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карпенко И.Н., Булкина Н.В., Понукалина Е.В. Современные представления об этиологии и патогенезе быстропрогрессирующего пародонтита. Архив патологии. 2009;71(1):57–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hart TC. Genetic risk factors for early-onset periodontitis. J Periodontol. 1996;67 Suppl 3S:355–66. Doi: 10.1902/jop.1996.67.3s.355.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hart T.C. Genetic risk factors for early-onset periodontitis. J Periodontol. 1996;67 Suppl 3S:355–66. Doi: 10.1902/jop.1996.67.3s.355.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buunk-Werkhoven Y, Dijkstra-le Clercq M, Verheggen-Udding E, de Jong N, Spreen M. Halitosis and oral health-related quality of life: a case report. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2012;10(1):3–8. Doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2011.00512.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buunk-Werkhoven Y., Dijkstra-le Clercq M., Verheggen-Udding E., de Jong N., Spreen M. Halitosis and oral health-related quality of life: a case report. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2012;10(1):3–8. Doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2011.00512.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsarinskiy MM. Therapeutic dentistry: a textbook for students of dental faculties, interns and practitioners. [Terapevticheskaya stomatologiya: uchebnik dlya studentov stomatologicheskikh fakul'tetov, vrachey-internov i prakticheskikh vrachey]. Rostov-on-Don: Feniks; 2008. 598 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Царинский М.М. Терапевтическая стоматология: учебник для студентов стоматологических факультетов, врачей-интернов и практических врачей. Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс; 2008. 598 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsepov LM, Nikolaev AI, Zhazhkov EN. On the question of the etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Parodontologiya. 2000;(2):9–13. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цепов Л.М., Николаев А.И., Жажков Е.Н. К вопросу об этиологии и патогенезе воспалительных заболеваний пародонта. Пародонтология. 2000;(2):9–13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iordanishvili AK. Diseases of the endodontium, periodontal and oral mucosa. [Zabolevaniya endodonta, parodonta i slizistoy obolochki polosti rta]. Mos-cow: MEDpress-inform; 2008. 344 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иорданишвили A.K. Заболевания эндодонта, пародонта и слизистой оболочки полости рта. М.: МЕДпресс-информ; 2008. 344 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popkov VI. Periodontal disease. Complex treatment and prevention: Тextbook. [Zabolevaniya parodonta. Kompleksnoe lechenie i profilaktika: Uchebnoe posobie]. Krasnodar: EDVI; 2010. 172 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попков В.И. Заболевания пародонта. Комплексное лечение и профилактика: Учебное пособие. Краснодар: ЭДВИ; 2010. 172 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sivovol SI. Primary factors in the etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases. Stomatolog. 2006;(6):37–48. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сивовол С.И. Первичные факторы в этиологии и патогенезе воспалительных заболеваний пародонта. Стоматолог. 2006;(6):37–48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann. Periodontol. 1999;4(1):1–6. Doi: 10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Armitage G.C. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann. Periodontol. 1999;4(1):1–6. Doi: 10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giannobile WV, KornmanKS., Williams RC. Personalized medicine enters dentistry. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2013;144(8):874–6. Doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giannobile W.V., Kornman K.S., Williams R.C. Personalized medicine enters dentistry. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2013;144(8):874–6. Doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2013.0200.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Usova NF. Inflammatory periodontal diseases: pathogenesis, principles of complex treatment. Sibirskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal (Irkutsk). 2013;116(1):141–4. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Усова Н.Ф. Воспалительные заболевания пародонта: патогенез, принципы комплексного лечения. Сибирский медицинский журнал (Иркутск). 2013;116(1):141–4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsepov LM, Nikolaev AI. Diagnostics, treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases. [Diagnostika, lechenie i profilaktika zabolevaniy parodonta]. Mos-cow: MEDpress-inform; 2008. 272 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цепов Л.М., Николаев А.И. Диагностика, лечение и профилактика заболеваний пародонта. М.: МЕДпресс-информ; 2008. 272 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Everett FG, Waerhaug J, Widman A. Leonard Widman: surgical treatment of pyorrhea alveolaris. J. Periodontol. 1971;42(9):571–9. Doi: 10.1902/jop.1971.42.9.571.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Everett F.G., Waerhaug J., Widman A. Leonard Widman: surgical treatment of pyorrhea alveolaris. J. Periodontol. 1971;42(9):571–9. Doi: 10.1902/jop.1971.42.9.571.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Munshi Y, Ara I, Rafique H, Ahmad Z. Leeching in the history — a review. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2008;11(13):1650–3. Doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2008.1650.1653.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Munshi Y., Ara I., Rafique H., Ahmad Z. Leeching in the history — a review. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 2008;11(13):1650–3. Doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2008.1650.1653.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klimovich LV. History and scientific justification of hirudotherapy. Meditsina neotlozhnykh sostoyaniy. 2012;(7–8):58–62. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Климович Л.В. История и научное обоснование гирудотерапии. Медицина неотложных состояний. 2012;(7–8):58–62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cherniack EP. Bugs as drugs, part two: worms, leeches, scorpions, snails, ticks, centipedes, and spiders. Altern. Med. Rev. 2011;16(1):50–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cherniack E.P. Bugs as drugs, part two: worms, leeches, scorpions, snails, ticks, centipedes, and spiders. Altern. Med. Rev. 2011;16(1):50–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baskova IP, Zavalova LV. Proteinase inhibitors from the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis. Biokhimiya. 2001;(66):703–14. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баскова И.П., Завалова Л.В. Ингибиторы протеиназ из медицинской пиявки Hirudo medicinalis. Биохимия. 2001;(66):703–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdullah S, Dar LM, Rashid A, Tewari A. Hirudotherapy/leech therapy: applications and indications in surgery. Arch. Clin. Exp. Surg. 2012;(1):172–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdullah S., Dar L.M., Rashid A., Tewari A. Hirudotherapy/leech therapy: applications and indications in surgery. Arch. Clin. Exp. Surg. 2012;(1):172–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campos IT, Silva MM, Azzolini SS, Souza AF, Sampaio CA, Fritz H. Evaluation of phage display system and leech-derived tryptase inhibitor as a tool for understanding the serine proteinase specificities. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2004;425(1):87–94. Doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.03.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campos I.T., Silva M.M., Azzolini S.S., Souza A.F., Sampaio C.A., Fritz H. Evaluation of phage display system and leech-derived tryptase inhibitor as a tool for understanding the serine proteinase specificities. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2004;425(1):87–94. Doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.03.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gronwald W, Bomke J, Maurer T, et al. Structure of the leech protein saratin and characterization of its binding to collagen. J. Mol. Biol. 2008;381(4):913–27. Doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.034.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gronwald W., Bomke J., Maurer T., et al. Structure of the leech protein saratin and characterization of its binding to collagen. J. Mol. Biol. 2008;381(4):913–27. Doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.034.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herlin C, Bertheuil N, Bekara F, Boissiere F, Sinna R, Chaput B. Leech therapy in flap salvage: systematic review and practical recommendations. Ann. Chir. Plast. Esthet. 2016;62(2):e1-e13. Doi: 10.1016/j.anplas.2016.06.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herlin C., Bertheuil N., Bekara F., Boissiere F., Sinna R., Chaput B. Leech therapy in flap salvage: systematic review and practical recommendations. Ann. Chir. Plast. Esthet. 2016;62(2):e1-e13. Doi: 10.1016/j.anplas.2016.06.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moser M, Auerswald E, Mentele R, Eckerskorn C, Fritz H, Fink E. Bdellastasin, a serine protease inhibitor of the antistasin family from the medical leech (Hirudomedicinalis). Eur. J. Biochem. 1998;253(1):212–20. Doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2530212.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moser M., Auerswald E., Mentele R., Eckerskorn C., Fritz H., Fink E. Bdellastasin, a serine protease inhibitor of the antistasin family from the medical leech (Hirudomedicinalis). Eur. J. Biochem. 1998;253(1):212–20. Doi: 10.1046/j.1432–1327.1998.2530212.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baskova IP, Borodin VG, Seleznev KG. Hirudotherapy: Methodological recommendations for practitioners. [Girudoterapiya: Metodicheskie rek-omendatsii dlya prakticheskikh vrachey]. Moscow: -INSOFT; 1990. 189 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баскова И.П., Бородин В.Г., Селезнев К.Г. Гирудотерапия: Методические рекомендации для практических врачей. М.: -ИНСОФТ; 1990. 189 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khramova EYu. Hirudotherapy. Treatment with leeches. [Girudoterapiya. Lechenie piyavkami]. Moscow; 2010. 352 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Храмова Е.Ю. Гирудотерапия. Лечение пиявками. М.; 2010. 352 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Legre R. Unusual case of Aeromonassobria cellulitis associated with the use of leeches. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1999;18(1):72–3. Doi: 10.1007/s100960050232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fenollar F., Fournier P.E., Legre R. Unusual case of Aeromonassobria cellulitis associated with the use of leeches. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 1999;18(1):72–3. Doi: 10.1007/s100960050232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikonov GI. Hirudotherapy and hirudopharmacotherapy. [Girudoterapiya i girudofarmakoterapiya]. St. Petersburg: Ves'; 2000. 125 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никонов Г.И. Гирудотерапия и гирудофармакотерапия. СПб.: Весь; 2000. 125 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamenev OYu, Baranovskiy AYu. Medical leeches. Theory and Practice: Guide for physicians. [Meditsinskie piyavki. Teoriya i praktika: Rukovodstvo dlya vrachey]. St. Petersburg: Ves'; 2006. 356 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каменев О.Ю., Барановский А.Ю. Медицинские пиявки. Теория и практика: Руководство для врачей. СПб.: Весь; 2006. 356 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zyryanova MM, Chesnokova OV. The use of hirudotherapy in the complex treatment of periodontal diseases. In: XIX final scientific conference of young scientists: Proceedings. [XIX itogovaya nauchnaya konferentsiya molodykh uchenykh: Sbornik]. Stavropol: Izdatel'stvo StGMA; 2011:129–30. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зырянова М.М., Чеснокова О.В. Применение гирудотерапии в комплексном лечении заболеваний пародонта. В кн.: XIX итоговая научная конференция молодых ученых: Сборник. Ставрополь: Издательство СтГМА; 2011:129–30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kutsevlyak VF, Tsiganova NB, Veligorya IE. Hirudotherapy in dentistry. [Girudoterapiya v stomatologii]. Harkov; 2006. 43 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Куцевляк В.Ф., Циганова Н.Б., Велигоря И.Е. Гирудотерапия в стоматологии. Харьков; 2006. 43 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Corrêa LL, Oliveira MS, Tavares-Dias M, Ceccarelli PS. Infections of Hypostomus spp. by Trypanosoma spp. and leeches: a study of hematology and record of these hirudineans as potential vectors of these hemoflagellates. Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol. 2016;25(3):299–305. Doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612016049.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Corrêa L.L, Oliveira M.S., Tavares-Dias M., Ceccarelli P.S. Infections of Hypostomus spp. by Trypanosoma spp. and leeches: a study of hematology and record of these hirudineans as potential vectors of these hemoflagellates. Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol. 2016;25(3):299–305. Doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612016049.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
