<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Dentistry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Dentistry</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский стоматологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2802</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-2934</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">607424</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/dent607424</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QSWMWC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Fetal programming of molar–incisor hypomineralization: a systematic review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фетальное программирование молярно-резцовой гипоминерализации: систематический обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-5960</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8363-2605</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Algazina</surname><given-names>Aleksandra A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алгазина</surname><given-names>Александра Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>algazina.sascha@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6363-9595</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7732-0755</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbatova</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбатова</surname><given-names>Мария Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>marigora@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5464-0498</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5118-0081</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grjibovski</surname><given-names>Andrej M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гржибовский</surname><given-names>Андрей Мечиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>a.grjibovski@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5631-5197</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5996-4317</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitkina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митькина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>miekandr@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0675-3647</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8037-5341</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbatova</surname><given-names>Liubov N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбатова</surname><given-names>Любовь Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>Detstomkaf@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северный государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Reaviz University, Saint Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет «РЕАВИЗ»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Восточный федеральный университет имени М.К. Аммосова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>479</fpage><lpage>490</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-10-10"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-28"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-12-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjdentistry.com/1728-2802/article/view/607424">https://rjdentistry.com/1728-2802/article/view/607424</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold><bold> </bold>Molar–incisor hypomineralization is a form of systemic enamel hypoplasia characterized by defects affecting 1 to 4 first permanent molars, often accompanied by incisor involvement. Molar–incisor hypomineralization occurs in approximately one in eight children worldwide.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> This work aimed to substantiate the need for a more detailed investigation of the etiological factors underlying molar–incisor hypomineralization based on an analysis of publications on fetal programming, with particular emphasis on the influence of prenatal and perinatal factors.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Relevant publications were retrieved from the PubMed and eLIBRARY.RU databases without time restrictions. Study selection proceeded in two stages. First, titles and abstracts were screened for relevance. Second, full texts were reviewed. Disagreements were resolved through group discussion until consensus was reached. Of 157 identified publications, 29 met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Prenatal factors associated with molar–incisor hypomineralization included maternal anemia, third-trimester illnesses, gestational diabetes, viral infections, more than three ultrasound examinations during the third trimester, preeclampsia, alcohol intake during pregnancy, psychological stress, and others. Perinatal factors reported in relation to molar–incisor hypomineralization included birth hypoxia, prolonged labor, preterm birth, low birth weight, labor induction, complications during delivery, cesarean section, and others.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The reviewed studies demonstrate a broad range of prenatal and perinatal factors associated with the development of molar–incisor hypomineralization. Expanding the evidence base on the etiologic mechanisms of molar–incisor hypomineralization may enable the development of effective population-level prevention strategies beginning in the prenatal period.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Молярно-резцовая гипоминерализация — один из видов системной гипоплазии эмали, для которого характерно поражение от 1 до 4 первых постоянных моляров, часто сочетающееся с поражением резцов и встречающееся у каждого восьмого ребёнка на планете.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> На основании анализа публикаций по теме фетального программирования молярно-резцовой гипоминерализации обосновать необходимость более детального изучения причин её возникновения в зависимости от влияния антенатальных и перинатальных факторов.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Сбор материала проводили с помощью электронных баз данных PubMed и eLIBRARY.RU без временны́х ограничений. Отбор исследований выполняли в два этапа. Сначала решение о включении публикаций в обзор принималось на основе названия работы и аннотации. На втором этапе авторы знакомились с полным текстом статей. Расхождения были урегулированы путём группового обсуждения авторами до достижения консенсуса. Из 157 идентифицированных исследований 29 были включены в качественный синтез.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> К антенатальным факторам молярно-резцовой гипоминерализации авторы относили анемию беременных, болезни в третьем триместре, гестационный диабет, инфекционные вирусные заболевания, проведение ультразвукового исследования в III триместре более 3 раз, преэклампсию, приём алкоголя, психологический стресс и др. Среди интранатальных факторов молярно-резцовой гипоминерализации были описаны гипоксия при рождении, длительные роды, преждевременные роды, низкий вес, стимуляция родовой деятельности, осложнения в родах, кесарево сечение и др.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Рассмотренные в обзоре исследования демонстрируют множество анте- и перинатальных факторов развития молярно-резцовой гипоминерализации. Расширение доказательной базы в области её этиологии позволит составить эффективный алгоритм профилактики возникновения данной патологии на популяционном уровне начиная с антенатального периода.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>molar–incisor hypomineralization</kwd><kwd>etiology</kwd><kwd>fetal programming</kwd><kwd>prenatal and perinatal factors</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>молярно-резцовая гипоминерализация</kwd><kwd>этиология</kwd><kwd>фетальное программирование</kwd><kwd>антенатальные и перинатальные факторы</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rodd HD, Graham A, Tajmehr N, et al. Molar incisor hypomineralisation: current knowledge and practice. Int Dent J. 2021;71(4):285–291. doi: 10.1111/idj.12624 EDN: NJXXJQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Garot E, Rouas P, Somani C, et al. An update of the aetiological factors involved in molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2022;23(1):23–38. doi: 10.1007/s40368-021-00646-x EDN: SFULBV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Shields S, Chen T, Crombie F, et al. The impact of molar incisor hypomineralisation on children and adolescents: a narrative review. Healthcare (Basel). 2024;12(3):370. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12030370 EDN: LHGYCX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Ammar N, Fresen KF, Schwendicke F, Kühnisch J. Epidemiological trends in enamel hypomineralisation and molar-incisor hypomineralisation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2025;29(6):327. doi: 10.1007/s00784-025-06411-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Gorbatova MA, Utkina EI, Zinchenko GA, et al. Molar-incisor hypomineralization among 12-years old children in Arkhangelsk region. Stomatologiia (Mosk). 2019;98(2):64–66. doi: 10.17116/stomat20199802164 EDN: JAOOUD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Luchsheva LF, Khamadeeva AM, Rusakova EY, et al. The epidemiology of molar-incisor hypomineralization in children of Khabarovsk Region. Uspehi sovremennogo estestvoznanija. 2015;(8):26–30. EDN: UIYRCN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Kosyreva TF, Pronyaeva AI. Classification and prevalence of enamel hypoplasia. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Prophylaxis. 2013;12(2):23–27. (In Russ.) EDN: RJFPXF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Bukhari ST, Alhasan HA, Qari MT, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of molar incisor hypomineralization in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2022;18(4):696–710. doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.12.011 EDN: SLXFMB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Bakulski KM, Blostein F, London SJ. Linking prenatal environmental exposures to lifetime health with epigenome-wide association studies: state-of-the-science review and future recommendations. Environ Health Perspect. 2023;131(12):126001. doi: 10.1289/EHP12956 EDN: AXQKXC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Dieckmann L, Czamara D. Epigenetics of prenatal stress in humans: the current research landscape. Clin Epigenetics. 2024;16(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s13148-024-01635-9 EDN: PFUVCY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Lapehn S, Paquette AG. The placental epigenome as a molecular link between prenatal exposures and fetal health outcomes through the DOHaD hypothesis. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2022;9(3):490–501. doi: 10.1007/s40572-022-00354-8 EDN: JNSIMO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Petrov YuA, Kupina AD. Fetal programming is a way to prevent diseases in adulthood (literature review). Medical Council. 2020;(13):50–56. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2020-13-50-56 EDN: GGUNQG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Barker DJ. The developmental origins of adult disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(6 Suppl):588S–595S. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719428</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Basak S, Mallick R, Navya Sree B, Duttaroy AK. placental epigenome impacts fetal development: effects of maternal nutrients and gut microbiota. Nutrients. 2024;16(12):1860. doi: 10.3390/nu16121860 EDN: SCAHYQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Mortillo M, Marsit CJ. Select early-life environmental exposures and dna methylation in the placenta. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2023;10(1):22–34. doi: 10.1007/s40572-022-00385-1 EDN: BGTYBF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Hoffman DJ, Powell TL, Barrett ES, Hardy DB. Developmental origins of metabolic diseases. Physiol Rev. 2021;101(3):739–795. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2020 EDN: SOAXMP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Lurbe E, Ingelfinger J. Developmental and early life origins of cardiometabolic risk factors: novel findings and implications. Hypertension. 2021;77(2):308–318. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14592 EDN: PLNMQL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Shu Z, Ding X, Yue Q, et al. Effects of fetal famine exposure on the cardiovascular disease risk in the metabolic syndrome individuals. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14(1):173. doi: 10.1186/s13098-022-00948-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Samani D, Ziaei S, Musaie F, et al. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):781. doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-04548-4 EDN: PNZEIX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Thearawiboon S, Rojanaworarit C. Risk of early childhood caries estimated by maternal dental caries during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. Eur J Dent. 2024;18(1):329–340. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1769896 EDN: IKBBLY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Martins DDS, Ionta FQ, Pompermaier Garlet G, et al. Developmental defects of enamel. Monogr Oral Sci. 2024;32:10–34. doi: 10.1159/000538850</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Lima LJS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Soares MEC. Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal events associated with hypomineralized second primary molar: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(12):6501–6516. doi: 10.1007/s00784-021-04146-6 EDN: NDOJVC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Ahmadi R, Ramazani N, Nourinasab R. Molar incisor hypomineralization: a study of prevalence and etiology in a group of Iranian children. Iran J Pediatr. 2012;22(2):245–251.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Arheiam A, Abbas S, Ballo L, et al. Prevalence, distribution, characteristics and associated factors of molar-incisor hypo-mineralisation among Libyan schoolchildren: a cross-sectional survey. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2021;22(4):595–601. doi: 10.1007/s40368-020-00594-y EDN: VZCPVB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Elfrink ME, Moll HA, Kiefte-de Jong JC, et al. Pre- and postnatal determinants of deciduous molar hypomineralisation in 6-year-old children. The generation R study. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e91057. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091057</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Elzein R, Chouery E, Abdel-Sater F, et al. Molar-incisor hypomineralisation in Lebanon: association with prenatal, natal and postnatal factors. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2021;22(2):283–290. doi: 10.1007/s40368-020-00555-5 EDN: ABUPHS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Garot E, Manton D, Rouas P. Peripartum events and molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) amongst young patients in southwest France. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2016;17(4):245–250. doi: 10.1007/s40368-016-0235-y EDN: JAJPNC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Ghanim A, Manton D, Bailey D, et al. Risk factors in the occurrence of molar-incisor hypomineralization amongst a group of Iraqi children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2013;23(3):197–206. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2012.01244.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Laisi S, Kiviranta H, Lukinmaa PL, et al. Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation and dioxins: new findings. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2008;9(4):224–227. doi: 10.1007/BF03262639 EDN: VSQWIE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Lygidakis NA, Dimou G, Marinou D. Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH). A retrospective clinical study in Greek children. II. Possible medical aetiological factors. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2008;9(4):207–217. doi: 10.1007/BF03262637 EDN: KGXGFZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Mohamed RN, Basha S, Al-Thomali Y, et al. Frequency of molar incisor hypomineralization and associated factors among children with special health care needs. Ann Saudi Med. 2021;41(4):238–245. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2021.238 EDN: ZYKFNZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Noor Mohamed R, Basha S, Virupaxi SG, et al. Primary teeth in preterm low birth weight children and its association with molar incisor hypomineralization — a 3-year-prospective study. Children (Basel). 2021;8(12):1111. doi: 10.3390/children8121111 EDN: GMLBXD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Nørrisgaard PE, Haubek D, Kühnisch J, et al. Association of high-dose vitamin d supplementation during pregnancy with the risk of enamel defects in offspring: a 6-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(10):924–930. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2545</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Owlia F, Akhavan-Karbassi MH, Rahimi R. Could molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) existence be predictor of short stature? Int J Prev Med. 2020;11:101. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_459_18 EDN: TSWXLW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Pascon T, Barbosa AMP, Cordeiro RCL, et al. Prenatal exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus increases developmental defects in the enamel of offspring. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0211771. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211771</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Pitiphat W, Luangchaichaweng S, Pungchanchaikul P, et al. Factors associated with molar incisor hypomineralization in Thai children. Eur J Oral Sci. 2014;122(4):265–270. doi: 10.1111/eos.12136</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Rai A, Singh A, Menon I, et al. Molar incisor hypomineralization: prevalence and risk factors among 7-9 years old school children in Muradnagar, Ghaziabad. Open Dent J. 2018;12:714–722. doi: 10.2174/1745017901814010714</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Sönmez H, Yıldırım G, Bezgin T. Putative factors associated with molar incisor hypomineralisation: an epidemiological study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2013;14(6):375–380. doi: 10.1007/s40368-013-0012-0 EDN: MUOLBD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Tourino LF, Corrêa-Faria P, Ferreira RC, et al. Association between molar incisor hypomineralization in schoolchildren and both prenatal and postnatal factors: a population-based study. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0156332. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156332</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>van der Tas JT, Elfrink MEC, Heijboer AC, et al. Foetal, neonatal and child vitamin D status and enamel hypomineralization. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2018;46(4):343–351. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12372</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Verma S, Dhinsa K, Tripathi AM, et al. Molar incisor hypomineralization: prevalence, associated risk factors, its relation with dental caries and various enamel surface defects in 8-16-year-old schoolchildren of lucknow district. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2022;15(1):1–8. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2088 EDN: JXCYJP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Pronyaeva AI, Pronyaeva AI, Kosyreva TF. Factors influencing the prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization. Sbornik nauchnyh tezisov i statej “Zdorov’’e i obrazovanie v XXI veke”. 2011;(4):397–398. (In Russ.) EDN: SGOTKR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Karpova LS, Tkachenko TB, Savushkina NA, et al. Analysis of enamel hypoplasia causes and risk factors in children. Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Prophylaxis. 2023;23(3):255–261. doi: 10.33925/1683-3031-2023-647 EDN: AFQIMM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Martı Akgün O, Yıldırım C, Oflaz U, Topaclıoglu B. Investigating the causes of molar incisor hypomineralization: a cross-sectional study on maternal and child health factors. Rev Cient Odontol (Lima). 2024;12(4):e216. doi: 10.21142/2523-2754-1204-2024-216 EDN: ULMBOU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Ahmed AT, Hector EC, Urena-Cirett JL, et al. Early lead exposure associated with molar hypomineralization. Pediatr Dent. 2023;45(5):427–433.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Muñoz J, Alvarado-Lorenzo A, Criado-Pérez L, et al. Influence of maternal health status during pregnancy and the child´s medical history on molar-incisor hypomineralization in a group of Spanish children (aged 6-14 years): a retrospective case-control study. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1252. doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-05065-0 EDN: WHTPDY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Contac LR, Pop SI, Voidazan S, Bica CI. Molar incisor hypomineralization: etiology, correlation with tooth number anomalies and implications for comprehensive management strategies in children from Transylvania. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024;14(21):2370. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics14212370 EDN: RAZOGM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Winkler JR, Dixon BL, Singh I, et al. Prenatal exposure to environmental toxins and comprehensive dental findings in a population cohort of children. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):326. doi: 10.1186/s12903-023-03786-2 EDN: AIJQXY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Zameer M, Wali Peeran S, Nahid Basheer S, et al. Molar incisor hypomineralization: Prevalence, severity and associated aetiological factors in children seeking dental care at Armed Forces Hospital Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dent J. 2024;36(8):1111–1116. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.06.003 EDN: GFSTGA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Rivera M, Karakowsky L, Medina-Solís CE, et al. Prevalence, defect characteristics and risk factors associated with molar incisor hypomineralisation in Mexican schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2025. doi: 10.1007/s40368-025-01078-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Muñoz J, Alvarado-Lorenzo A, Criado-Pérez L, et al. Aetiological factors in molar incisor hypomineralisation: a case-control study from Salamanca, Spain. Ital J Pediatr. 2025;51(1):129. doi: 10.1186/s13052-025-01972-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Jiménez-Farfán D, Guevara J, Zenteno E, Hernández-Guerrero JC. Alteration of the sialylation pattern of the murine tooth germ after ethanol exposure. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2005;73(12):980–988. doi: 10.1002/bdra.20198</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Cheng E, George AA, Bansal SK, et al. Neonatal hypocalcemia: common, uncommon, and rare etiologies. Neoreviews. 2023;24(4):e217–e228. doi: 10.1542/neo.24-4-e217 EDN: AZGAXU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Ford D, Seow WK, Kazoullis S, et al. A controlled study of risk factors for enamel hypoplasia in the permanent dentition. Pediatr Dent. 2009;31(5):382–328.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Wuollet E, Laisi S, Salmela E, et al. Molar-incisor hypomineralization and the association with childhood illnesses and antibiotics in a group of Finnish children. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016;74(5):416–422. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2016.1172342</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Bensi C, Costacurta M, Belli S, et al. Relationship between preterm birth and developmental defects of enamel: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2020;30(6):676–686. doi: 10.1111/ipd.12646 EDN: BZWBIY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Roberton NR, Smith MA. Early neonatal hypocalcaemia. Arch Dis Child. 1975;50(8):604–609. doi: 10.1136/adc.50.8.604</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Aine L, Backström MC, Mäki R, et al. Enamel defects in primary and permanent teeth of children born prematurely. J Oral Pathol Med. 2000;29(8):403–409. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0714.2000.290806.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Futrakul S, Praisuwanna P, Thaitumyanon P. Risk factors for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in asphyxiated newborn infants. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006;89(3):322–328.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Trotman H, Henny-Harry C. Factors associated with extreme hyperbilirubinaemia in neonates at the University Hospital of the West Indies. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2012;32(2):97–101. doi: 10.1179/2046905512Y.0000000014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Hansen AK, Wisborg K, Uldbjerg N, Henriksen TB. Risk of respiratory morbidity in term infants delivered by elective caesarean section: cohort study. BMJ. 2008;336(7635):85–87. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39405.539282.BE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Cyna AM, Andrew M, Emmett RS, et al. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD002251. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002251.pub2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Balki M, Carvalho JC. Intraoperative nausea and vomiting during cesarean section under regional anesthesia. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2005;14(3):230–241. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2004.12.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Narkevich AN, Vinogradov KA. The most common mistakes made by researchers in presenting research results. Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2020;27(8):55–64. doi: 10.33396/1728-0869-2020-8-55-64 EDN: URBOQG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Narkevich AN, Vinogradov KA. The most common errors in medical research. Ekologiya cheloveka (Human Ecology). 2020;27(7):59–64. doi: 10.33396/1728-0869-2020-7-59-64 EDN: ITOJGP</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
