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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Dentistry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Dentistry</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский стоматологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2802</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-2934</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">679285</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/dent679285</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">OZPYTC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Therapeutic and preventive approaches to protecting dental hard tissues and periodontal tissues from non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лечебно-профилактические подходы к защите твёрдых тканей зубов и тканей пародонта от неионизирующих электромагнитных излучений: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1775-236X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shukurova</surname><given-names>Umida A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шукурова</surname><given-names>Умида Абдурасуловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><email>shua1981@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2816-3162</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9176-2861</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gafforov</surname><given-names>Sunnatullo A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаффоров</surname><given-names>Суннатулло Амруллоевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>sunnatullogafforov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2884-5421</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khatamova</surname><given-names>Shakhlo A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хатамова</surname><given-names>Шахло Алтибаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><email>hatamovasahlo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0887-4696</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gafforova</surname><given-names>Sevara S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаффорова</surname><given-names>Севара Суннатуллоевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="UZ">Uzbekistan</country></address><email>sevara_gafforova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tashkent State Dental Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ташкентский государственный стоматологический институт</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center for Professional Development of Medical Workers</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр развития профессиональной квалификации медицинских работников</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tashkent State Dental Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ташкентский государственный стоматологический институт</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-09-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>396</fpage><lpage>403</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-08"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-22"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-10-28"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjdentistry.com/1728-2802/article/view/679285">https://rjdentistry.com/1728-2802/article/view/679285</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Non-ionizing electromagnetic fields — from extremely low-frequency power lines to radiofrequency emissions from mobile devices and Wi-Fi — create a steadily increasing environmental background that also affects the oral cavity. Over the past decade, evidence has accumulated showing that such exposure is not biologically neutral: <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> studies have demonstrated reductions in enamel microhardness, initiation of oxidative stress in saliva, corrosion of dental alloys, and disturbances of periodontal homeostasis. However, current clinical guidelines for caries and periodontal disease prevention scarcely account for electromagnetic exposure as a contributing factor. This review summarizes 25 studies published between 2011 and 2025, integrating disparate findings into a unified concept of multilevel protection of the dental hard tissues and periodontium.</p> <p>For the first time, a comparative effectiveness matrix is proposed in which remineralizing agents (fluoride, calcium-phosphate, nanohydroxyapatite) and antioxidants (melatonin, vitamin C) are evaluated alongside physical methods such as photobiomodulation, Nd:YAG laser treatment, pulsed electromagnetic fields, and shielding coatings. Data analysis indicates that chemical remineralization restores enamel microhardness up to 96% of baseline, while antioxidant therapy reduces salivary lipid peroxidation markers by nearly 40%. Light-based protocols (LED and laser) decrease probing pocket depth by an average of 1.2 mm, whereas local pulsed electromagnetic field exposure accelerates early implant osseointegration and reduces orthodontic relapse.</p> <p>The uniqueness of this review lies in its integrative interpretation of findings: molecular mechanisms of damage (oxidative stress, demineralization, inflammation) are correlated with the evidence base of preventive strategies, forming a practical algorithm suitable for integration into dental care standards.</p> <p>Special attention is given to children and adolescents, whose developing enamel absorbs more radiofrequency energy, an aspect rarely addressed in prior reviews.</p> <p>Finally, the review outlines priority areas for future research: standardization of electromagnetic field dosimetry, long-term randomized clinical trials of combined strategies, and clinical validation of barrier materials. Thus, this review not only systematizes existing approaches but also provides a practical roadmap for mitigating electromagnetic field–induced mineralization defects and inflammatory changes of dental hard tissues and periodontal tissues in the era of ubiquitous digitalization.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Неионизирующие электромагнитные поля — от экстремально низких частот линий электропередачи до радиочастот мобильных устройств и Wi-Fi — формируют постоянно растущий фон, воздействующий в том числе на полость рта. В последние 10 лет накоплены доказательства, что такую экспозицию нельзя считать биологически нейтральной: <italic>in vitro</italic> и <italic>in vivo</italic> исследования продемонстрировали снижение микротвёрдости эмали, запуск оксидативного стресса в слюне, коррозионные изменения стоматологических сплавов и нарушение гомеостаза пародонта. Однако существующие клинические рекомендации по профилактике кариеса и заболеваний пародонта практически не учитывают фактор электромагнитной нагрузки. Настоящий обзор обобщает 25 исследований 2011–2025 гг., объединяя разрозненные сведения в единую концепцию многоуровневой защиты твёрдых тканей зубов и пародонта.</p> <p>В обзоре впервые предложена сравнительная матрица эффективности, где реминерализующие агенты (фторид, Ca-P, наногидроксиапатит) и антиоксиданты (мелатонин, витамин С) оцениваются параллельно с физическими методами — фотобиомодуляцией, Nd:YAG-лазером, пульсирующими электромагнитными полями и экранирующими покрытиями. Анализ данных показывает, что химическая реминерализация восстанавливает микротвёрдость эмали до 96% от исходного уровня, а антиоксидантная терапия снижает концентрацию маркёров перекисного окисления липидов почти на 40%. LED- и лазерные протоколы уменьшают глубину пародонтальных карманов в среднем на 1,2 мм, а локальное пульсирующее электромагнитное поле ускоряет раннюю остеоинтеграцию имплантатов и минимизирует ортодонтический рецидив.</p> <p>Уникальность обзора заключается в комплексной интерпретации полученных данных: авторы сопоставляют молекулярные механизмы повреждения (оксидативный стресс, деминерализация, воспаление) с доказательной базой профилактических вмешательств и формируют практический алгоритм, интегрируемый в клинические стандарты стоматологии.</p> <p>Рассмотрены особенности защиты детей и подростков, чья формирующаяся эмаль поглощает больше радиочастотной энергии, что редко освещается в аналогичных работах.</p> <p>Наконец, обзор определяет приоритетные направления будущих исследований: стандартизацию дозиметрии электромагнитных полей, долгосрочные рандомизированные клинические исследования комбинированных стратегий и клиническую верификацию барьерных материалов. Тем самым обзор не только систематизирует существующие подходы, но и предлагает практическую «дорожную карту» для снижения риска индуцированных электромагнитной нагрузкой нарушений минерализации и воспаления твёрдых тканей зубов и пародонта в условиях повсеместной цифровизации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electromagnetic fields</kwd><kwd>dental hard tissues</kwd><kwd>periodontium</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd><kwd>remineralization</kwd><kwd>photobiomodulation</kwd><kwd>pulsed electromagnetic fields</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электромагнитные поля</kwd><kwd>твёрдые ткани зубов</kwd><kwd>пародонт</kwd><kwd>профилактика</kwd><kwd>реминерализация</kwd><kwd>фотобиомодуляция</kwd><kwd>пульсирующие электромагнитные поля</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Arbabi Kalati F, Nosratzehi T. Effect of cell phone use on salivary components; a review of literature. 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