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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Dentistry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Dentistry</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский стоматологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2802</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-2934</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">706009</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/dent706009</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ISBVKM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The effect of medication on the oral cavity in patients after kidney transplantation: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние медикаментозного лечения на состояние полости рта у пациентов после трансплантации почки: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9523-8154</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9796-3740</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Arzhantsev</surname><given-names>Vitaly A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аржанцев</surname><given-names>Виталий Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vit4937@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-6497</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7078-4299</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukchamedzanova</surname><given-names>Lubov R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухамеджанова</surname><given-names>Любовь Рустемовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>lr71@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Dental Polyclinic</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканская стоматологическая поликлиника</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanova</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Чувашский государственный университет имени И.Н. Ульянова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-06-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>258</fpage><lpage>267</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-10"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-28"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-09-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjdentistry.com/1728-2802/article/view/706009">https://rjdentistry.com/1728-2802/article/view/706009</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Organ transplantation is currently one of the most effective methods of treating end-stage chronic diseases, significantly improving patient survival and quality of life. In particular, kidney transplantation is considered the “gold standard” for treating end-stage renal disease. However, its success depends largely on lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection, which is accompanied by both systemic and local complications.</p> <p>Among these, oral lesions are particularly important. They result from both the direct effects of immunosuppressive drugs on oral tissues and microbiome and from reduced immune defenses, which promote infectious processes. The most common are viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, including herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and <italic>Candida</italic> spp.</p> <p>Drug-induced complications include gingival hyperplasia, stomatitis, mucositis, and xerostomia. Of particular note is hypertrophic gingivitis associated with cyclosporine and other immunosuppressants, which can significantly impair quality of life and complicate oral hygiene. Reduced salivation also promotes pathogenic microbial growth and increases the risk of inflammatory disease.</p> <p>This review is the first to systematize data on the effects of current immunosuppressive regimens on the oral cavity in kidney transplant recipients, considering the relationships between the type of medication, treatment duration, and dental complications, as well as the most common drug-induced oral lesions. The need for an interdisciplinary approach to managing this patient population is emphasized.</p> <p>Reading this review will provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of dental complications in kidney transplant recipients, the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on oral tissues, and the importance of timely dental monitoring. Without this review, these relationships between drug therapy and oral health would not be presented in a systematic, clinically oriented manner.</p> <p>The findings highlight the need for early diagnosis, regular dental monitoring, and an interdisciplinary approach to managing this patient population. The development of unified protocols for preventing and treating oral lesions in kidney transplant recipients is an important goal for future research and clinical practice.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Трансплантация органов в настоящее время является одним из наиболее эффективных методов лечения терминальных стадий хронических заболеваний, существенно повышающих продолжительность и качество жизни пациентов. В частности, трансплантация почки признана золотым стандартом лечения терминальной стадии хронической болезни почек. Однако успех трансплантации во многом обусловлен необходимостью пожизненной иммуносупрессивной терапии, направленной на предотвращение отторжения трансплантата, что в свою очередь сопровождается развитием ряда системных и локальных осложнений.</p> <p>Особое место среди них занимают поражения органов и тканей полости рта. Эти изменения обусловлены как прямым воздействием иммуносупрессивных препаратов на ткани и микробиом полости рта, так и снижением иммунной защиты организма, что способствует развитию инфекционных процессов. Наиболее распространёнными являются вирусные, бактериальные и грибковые инфекции, включая поражения, вызванные вирусом простого герпеса, цитомегаловирусом и грибами рода <italic>Candida</italic>.</p> <p>К фармакоиндуцированным осложнениям относятся гиперплазия десны, стоматиты, мукозиты и ксеростомия. Особенно значимым является гипертрофический гингивит, ассоциированный с применением циклоспорина и других иммунодепрессантов, который может существенно ухудшать качество жизни пациента и затруднять проведение гигиенических мероприятий. Снижение слюноотделения также способствует росту патогенной микрофлоры и увеличивает риск воспалительных заболеваний.</p> <p>В настоящем обзоре впервые систематизированы данные о влиянии современных схем иммуносупрессивной терапии на состояние полости рта у пациентов после трансплантации почки с учётом взаимосвязи между видом медикаментозного лечения, длительностью терапии и характером стоматологических осложнений, а также данные о наиболее распространённых фармакоиндуцированных поражениях полости рта. Подчёркнута необходимость междисциплинарного подхода к ведению данной категории пациентов.</p> <p>Изучение представленного материала позволит читателю получить целостное представление о механизмах развития стоматологических осложнений у реципиентов почечного трансплантата, особенностях влияния иммуносупрессивных препаратов на ткани полости рта и значении своевременного стоматологического мониторинга. Без ознакомления с данной работой эти взаимосвязи между медикаментозной терапией и стоматологическим статусом пациентов не были бы представлены в систематизированном и клинически ориентированном виде.</p> <p>Полученные данные подчёркивают необходимость ранней диагностики, регулярного стоматологического мониторинга и междисциплинарного подхода к ведению этой категории пациентов. Разработка единых протоколов профилактики и лечения поражений полости рта у реципиентов почечного трансплантата является важным направлением для дальнейших исследований и клинической практики.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>kidneys</kwd><kwd>oral lesions</kwd><kwd>review</kwd><kwd>kidney transplantation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>почки</kwd><kwd>поражения органов и тканей рта</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd><kwd>трансплантация почки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Nappalli D, Lingappa A. Oral manifestations in transplant patients. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2015;12(3):199–208.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Gautier SV, Khomyakov S. Organ donation and transplantation in the Russian Federation in 2019 12™ report from the registry of the Russian transplant society. 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