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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Dentistry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Dentistry</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский стоматологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1728-2802</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2413-2934</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">713814</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/dent713814</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XWAFLK</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of marginal permeability (microleakage) of restorations in the treatment of root caries: an open-label, randomized, controlled laboratory study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка краевой проницаемости (микроподтекания) реставраций при лечении кариеса цемента: рандомизированное контролируемое открытое лабораторное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8718-0084</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1839-5631</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pecherskyi</surname><given-names>Bohdan O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Печерский</surname><given-names>Богдан Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>pecherskiy-bo@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9533-9204</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6771-8507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Razumova</surname><given-names>Svetlana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Разумова</surname><given-names>Светлана Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>razumova-sn@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8947-4357</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2437-8867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Brago</surname><given-names>Anzhela S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Браго</surname><given-names>Анжела Станиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>anzhela_bogdan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9068-4722</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7871-6802</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ruda</surname><given-names>Oxana R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руда</surname><given-names>Оксана Романовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>oxaruda@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-07-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>193</fpage><lpage>201</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-06-26"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-06"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-09-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjdentistry.com/1728-2802/article/view/713814">https://rjdentistry.com/1728-2802/article/view/713814</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Microleakage is a key clinically significant factor that determines restoration longevity, the risk of secondary caries, marginal staining, and postoperative sensitivity, while even modern restorative materials and adhesive systems cannot completely eliminate marginal failure at the tooth–restoration interface. Therefore, experimental assessment of microleakage considering material type, adhesive protocol, and thermomechanical aging is a well-founded and relevant research direction aimed at improving the prognosis and clinical reliability of restorations.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To evaluate microleakage in Class II restorations with root involvement performed using different restorative techniques.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>This <italic>in vitro</italic> study was conducted on 60 teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons, randomly assigned to three groups (<italic>n</italic> = 20), with Class II cavities restored using: 1) glass-ionomer cement + packable composite; 2) bulk-fill composite + 8th-generation self-etch adhesive; 3) bulk-fill composite + 8th-generation universal self-etch adhesive. After thermocycling (1000 cycles at 5 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 2 °C), the specimens were analyzed for microleakage. Marginal permeability was assessed microscopically using dye penetration with quantitative determination of the percentage of dye penetration along the restoration–tooth interface, followed by statistical analysis using SPSS Statistics (IBM, USA).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> After thermocycling, group 1 (open sandwich: glass-ionomer cement + packable composite) showed the highest microleakage values, 90.0% [83.8%; 92.3%], which were significantly higher than those in groups 2 and 3 (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.017). In the groups using flowable bulk-fill composites and 8th-generation universal adhesive systems, microleakage was significantly lower: 49.0% [46.5%; 55.0%] and 52.0% [45.8%; 55.5%], with no significant differences between these groups (<italic>p</italic> &gt; 0.05).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Ensuring marginal seal in root caries restorations remains a clinical challenge. This study found that a flowable bulk-fill composite combined with a packable composite and an 8th-generation universal self-etch adhesive system provides significantly lower microleakage than glass-ionomer cement with a packable composite. These results support the use of modern bulk-fill technologies for root caries and call for further confirmation in clinical studies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Микроподтекание является ключевым клинически значимым фактором, определяющим долговечность реставраций, риск развития вторичного кариеса, краевого окрашивания и послеоперационной чувствительности, при этом даже современные реставрационные материалы и адгезивные системы не способны полностью исключить нарушение герметичности на интерфейсе «зуб–реставрация». В связи с этим экспериментальная оценка степени микроподтекания с учётом типа материала, адгезивного протокола и условий термомеханического старения представляет собой обоснованное и актуальное направление научных исследований, направленных на повышение прогноза и клинической надёжности реставраций.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>Оценка микроподтекания в реставрациях 2-го класса с поражением корня, выполненных в различных техниках реставрации.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Исследование выполнено <italic>in vitro</italic> на 60 удалённых по ортодонтическим показаниям зубах, случайным образом распределённых на три группы (<italic>n</italic> = 20), с формированием полостей 2-го класса и дальнейшим восстановлением с использованием следующих материалов: 1) стеклоиономерный цемент + пакуемый композит; 2) bulk-fill композит + self-etch адгезив 8-го поколения; 3) bulk-fill композит + универсальный self-etch адгезив 8-го поколения. После термоциклирования (1000 циклов при 5 ± 2 °C и 60 ± 2 °C) образцы подвергались анализу микроподтекания. Оценку краевой проницаемости проводили микроскопически методом окрашивания с количественным определением процента проникновения красителя вдоль интерфейса «реставрация–зуб» с последующей статистической обработкой данных в программе SPSS Statistics (IBM, США).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> После термоциклирования в 1-й группе (открытый сэндвич: стеклоиономерный цемент + пакуемый композит) выявлены наибольшие значения микроподтекания — 90,0 [83,8; 92,3]%, что статистически значимо превышало показатели 2-й и 3-й групп (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,017). В группах с применением текучих bulk-fill композитов и универсальных адгезивных систем 8-го поколения степень микроподтекания была значительно ниже — 49,0 [46,5; 55,0]% и 52,0 [45,8; 55,5]%, при этом статистически значимых различий между ними не выявлено (<italic>p</italic> &gt; 0,05).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Обеспечение краевой герметичности реставраций при кариесе корня зуба остаётся актуальной клинической задачей. В исследовании установлено, что применение текучего bulk-fill композита в сочетании с пакуемым композитом и универсальной self-etch адгезивной системой 8-го поколения обеспечивает статистически значимо меньший уровень микроподтекания по сравнению с использованием стеклоиономерного цемента и пакуемого композита. Полученные результаты обосновывают применение современных bulk-fill технологий при лечении кариеса корня зуба и требуют дальнейшего подтверждения в клинических исследованиях.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>adhesion</kwd><kwd>adhesive system</kwd><kwd>root caries</kwd><kwd>restoration</kwd><kwd>caries</kwd><kwd>laboratory study</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>адгезия</kwd><kwd>адгезивная система</kwd><kwd>кариес корня</kwd><kwd>реставрация</kwd><kwd>кариес</kwd><kwd>лабораторное исследование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bilgrami A, Alam MK, Qazi FUR, et al. An in-vitro evaluation of microleakage in resin-based restorative materials at different time intervals. Polymers (Basel). 2022;14(3):466. doi: 10.3390/polym14030466 EDN: HJWEMS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Rathi SD, Nikhade P, Chandak M, et al. 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