Comparative efficacy and safety of chemical and physicochemical tooth whitening

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The review addresses different chemical and physicochemical tooth whitening methods, with a focus on their efficacy, safety, and potential side effects.

Chemical tooth whitening involves oxidizing pigments in the enamel and dentin with hydrogen peroxide and urea. Despite their high efficacy, long-term use of chemical whitening agents may cause microstructural changes in the enamel, reducing its microhardness and increasing porosity.

Physicochemical tooth whitening techniques, such as lasers and light-emitting diodes, activate low concentrations of whitening agents, decreasing the risk of enamel damage and tooth hypersensitivity. The rate and degree of tooth whitening may vary depending on the concentration of active components and the exposure time. According to the studies, higher hydrogen peroxide concentrations provide faster tooth whitening, but are more frequently associated with side effects (including tooth hypersensitivity and irritation of the gingiva and soft oral tissues).

Combination approaches have been shown to significantly reduce discomfort in patients with tooth hypersensitivity. The long-term stability of tooth whitening outcomes is actively studied, because repeated use of chemical whitening agents can promote structural changes in the enamel.

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作者简介

Anastasia Druzhinina

Voronezh State Medical University

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: maker.creator945@rambler.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0008-2714-9231
俄罗斯联邦, Voronezh

Elizaveta Turchenko

Volgograd State Medical University

Email: elizaveta.turchenko@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0000-2766-3531
俄罗斯联邦, Volgograd

Anna Kolosovskaya

Ural State Medical University

Email: pony.piebald.30@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0002-6607-5016
俄罗斯联邦, Ekaterinburg

Batir Batirov

V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University

Email: batirov.batir64@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0006-5975-3914
俄罗斯联邦, Saratov

Aleksey Berikashvili

V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University

Email: berikashvili26@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0008-0026-108X
俄罗斯联邦, Saratov

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СМИ зарегистрировано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор).
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ЭЛ № ФС 77 - 80635 от 15.03.2021 г.