Trimonoecy in Galium rivale (Rubiaceae)

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Abstract

Trimonoecy has been identified to occur in the perennial polycarpic herbaceous Galium rivale growing in the Moscow Region. Its trimonoecious state is described in detail here for the first time. The studies, performed during 2022–2024, were carried out applying generally accepted methods. Each individual was found to produce three types of flowers: bisexual, staminate, and pistillate. In staminate flowers, styles and stigmas were completely absent, while pistillate flowers lacked an androecium. Bisexual and staminate flowers were generally larger than pistillate flowers. Pollen grain size and pollen fertility did not differ significantly between bisexual and staminate flowers. Bisexual flowers formed on the shoots of the I–VII orders, pistillate flowers on the shoots of the IV–V orders, and staminate flowers on the shoots of the VI–VII orders of branching. In synflorescences, bisexual flowers predominated, representing up to 96% of all flowers, while pistillate and staminate flowers accounted for up to 2–3% and 1–2%, respectively. The few reports of trimonoecy available in the literature are mentioned and discussed here.

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V. N. Godin

Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: vn.godin@mpgu.su
Russian Federation, 101, Zolotodolinskaya St., Novosibirsk, 630090

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2. Fig. 1. Ordination of bisexual, pistillate, and staminate flowers of Galium rivale by the principal component analysis (PCA). X-axis – PCA 1, Y-axis – PCA 2. Circles – bisexual, squares – pistillate, triangles – staminate flowers.

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