A theory of the evolutionary role of hereditary tumors (carcino-evo-devo): the history and the current state. Part 3. The current state of carcino-evo-devo theory and its relationships with other biological theories

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Abstract

After publishing the monograph “Evolution by Tumor Neofunctionalization”, the author continued developing a theory of the evolutionary role of tumors in subsequent publications, in which a theory assumed its current state. In this part of the article, the author reviews the current state of a theory of the evolutionary role of tumors (carcino-evo-devo) and its relationship with other biological theories.

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A. P. Kozlov

Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Biomedical Center; Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University

Author for correspondence.
Email: contact@biomed.spb.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow; St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg

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2. Fig. 1. Diagram describing the main hypothesis. A meaningless sequence X arises in the DNA of germ cells of an ancestral multicellular organism. Sequence X evolves in descendants, but is not expressed or is weakly expressed. Expression is blocked by gene competition from pre-existing genes. According to the main hypothesis, an evolutionarily new sequence X is expressed in tumor cells of inherited tumors. In some cases, weak functions are acquired by meaningless new sequences from so-called promiscuous functions. An evolutionarily new protogene X arises de novo. At the same time, weak regulation of the new function and protogene X arises. Positive selection of the new function begins, leading to an increase in the new function and its regulation. A new function, a new gene, regulatory mechanisms, and a new specialized cell type arise. Tumor cells acquire a function in the body and transform into a new type of differentiated cells. The inheritance of a new cell type in offspring is accomplished by genetic and transgenerational epigenetic mechanisms, as with pre-existing cell types. Organisms with a new cell type arise.

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3. Fig. 2. Three classes of genes are required for the origin of new types of differentiated cells in evolution: oncogenes (Onc), tumor suppressor genes (TSG), and evolutionarily new genes defining new functions and new differentiated cell types (ENG) (after Kozlov, 2014, p. 114, with permission).

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4. Fig. 3. Data presented in the human protein-coding TSEEN genes database.

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5. Fig. 4. Network of genes - orthologs of fish TSEEN genes described in the work (Matyunina et al., 2019), involved in the development of the fat organ of mammals.

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6. Fig. 5. Relationship of carcino-evo-devo theory with other biological theories: carcino-evo-devo theory unites existing biological theories and explains unexplained biological phenomena.

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