Structural changes in masticatory apparatus organs and tissues with chronic environmental pathogenic factor exposure of flight labor

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The professional activity of the flight crew, conducted day after day under the constant influence of several unfavorable factors (hypergravity, vibration, altered barometric pressure, noise, etc.), leads to a significantly decreased quality of health and the development of phenomena of activity dysregulation of several organs and body systems, which manifests itself even in relative rest conditions.

AIM: To study the structural changes in masticatory apparatus organs and tissues under the influence of the main ecopathogenic factors of aviation labor on the body, such as chronic noise exposure, oxygen deficiency, barometric pressure changes, vibration, and hypergravity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experimental study included 65 white male rats of the Wistar line, aged 8–34 weeks. Of these, 10 animals remained intact and 15 were subjected to chronic gravitational overloads following the generally accepted method. The remaining 40 animals were subjected to long-term isolated broadband noise exposure with an intensity of 100 dB, hypoxia, barometric pressure changes, and vibration following the generally accepted methods for modeling aviation overloads. At the end of the experiment, the animals were taken out of the experiment, and the material was taken for morphological studies.

RESULTS: The extreme factors of aviation flight (noise, hypoxia, barometric pressure drops, vibration, and hyperweight) with prolonged exposure to a living organism lead to the same type and non-specific multifunctional changes in the masticatory apparatus organs and tissues. The severity of these transformations is most clearly manifested in the hemomicrocirculatory bed and nervous structures and depends both on the air flight influencing factor type and on tissue sensitivity to the effects of these extreme factors.

CONCLUSIONS: The most unfavorable factor of flight labor is chronic gravitational overloads, and the salivary glands, masticatory muscles, and dental pulp are the most sensitive to this factor from the masticatory apparatus tissues.

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About the authors

Andrey K. Iordanishvili

International Academy of Sciences of Ecology, Human Security and Nature; Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov

Author for correspondence.
Email: professoraki@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0052-3277

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg; Saint Petersburg

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2. Fig. 1. Structural changes in the masticatory apparatus against the background of chronic hypoxia: a — venous plethora and interstitial edema of the tissues of the parotid salivary gland against the background of chronic hypoxia. Stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Opton III. SW. 10×3×1.6; b — hyperargyrophilia and swelling of the nerve fibers of the masticatory muscle. Chronic hypoxia. Impregnation according to Bilshovsky–Gros. Opton III. SW. 10×3×1.6

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3. Fig. 2. Partial disappearance of the striated striation of muscle fibers and venous plethora with changes in barometric pressure. Einarson’s method. Opton III. SW. 16×3×1.6

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4. Fig. 3. Structural changes in the masticatory apparatus against the background of chronic vibration. a — uneven expansion and tortuosity of the capillaries and venules of the masticatory muscle during chronic exposure to vibration. Transcapillary injection with collargol. Illuminated drug. Opton III. SW. 3×3×1.2; b — thinning of the epithelial layer and dilatation of the vessels of the venular part of the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the tongue. Chronic vibration. Hematoxylin — eosin. Opton III. SW. 10×3×1.65; c — partial destruction of nerve fibers in the masticatory muscle against the background of chronic vibration. Impregnation according to Bilshovsky–Gros. Opton III. SW. 10×3×2.0

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5. Fig. 4. Structural changes in the masticatory apparatus against the background of chronic hypergravity. a — diapedetic and focal hemorrhages in the connective tissue capsule of the parotid salivary gland in chronic hypergravity. Hematoxylin — eosin. Opton III. SW. 3×3×1.25; b — venous plethora of the tongue and partial destruction of individual striated muscle fibers against the background of chronic hypergravity. Einarson’s method. Opton III. SW. 3×3×1.25 (a) and 10×3×1.6; c — venous plethora of the masticatory muscle and partial destruction of individual striated muscle fibers against the background of chronic hypergravity. Einarson’s method. Opton III. SW. 3×3×1.25 (a) and 10×3×1.6

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6. Fig. 5. Changes in the organs and tissues of the masticatory apparatus against the background of chronic hypergravity. a — an increase in the density of the capillary network, uneven expansion of the venular section of the hemomicrocirculatory bed, the appearance of extravasates during chronic gravitational overloads. Language. Transcapillary injection with collargol. Illuminated drug. Opton III. SW. 10×3×1.2; b — an increase in the gaps and deformation of the intercellular gaps in the wall of the gingival arteriole in rats. Chronic hypergravity. electronogram. SW. 8300; c — leukocyte infiltration of tissues in the masticatory muscle in chronic hypergravity. Hematoxylin — eosin. Opton III. SW. 6.3×3×1.25; d — destruction of the taste bud of the tongue in chronic hypergravity. Einarson’s method. Opton III. SW. 16×3×1.25

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7. Fig. 6. Changes in the periodontium and teeth against the background of chronic hypergravity: a — violation of the integrity of the epithelium of the periodontal groove. Early stage of periodontal pocket formation. Chronic hypergravity. Hematoxylin — eosin. Opton III. SW. 1.25×3×10; b — net atrophy of the pulp of the lower incisor of the rat with chronic gravitational overloads. Hematoxylin — eosin. Opton III. SW. 10×3×1.25

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8. Fig. 7. Changes in the nerve endings in the masticatory apparatus against the background of chronic hypergravity: a — local destruction of the nerve fiber, the formation of varicose veins and sagging of the neuroplasm. Chronic hypergravity. Impregnation according to Bilshovsky–Gros. Opton III. SW. 10×3×1.6; b — vacuolization and destruction of cristae of mitochondria of fibroblasts of the dense connective tissue of the gums of rats. Chronic hypergravity. SW. ×10 000

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