Modern Approaches to Surgical and Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Patients with Maxillary Defects: A Review

Restoring the integrity and function of the maxilla following resections, trauma, or congenital anomalies remains one of the most challenging tasks in maxillofacial surgery and prosthodontics. Despite the availability of various surgical and prosthetic rehabilitation techniques, the lack of unified treatment algorithms based on a comprehensive assessment of the defect leads to variable and often unsatisfactory functional and aesthetic outcomes of reconstruction.

In this literature review, 235 articles were analysed, and data from 30 scientific publications (2019–2025) addressing the medical rehabilitation of patients with maxillary defects were selected. Current surgical techniques were examined, including microsurgical reconstruction with revascularized flaps and the use of custom titanium implants, as well as modern prosthodontic approaches such as digital prosthetics and implant‑supported prostheses. Particular attention was paid to the integration of digital technologies (virtual planning, CAD/CAM) at all stages of treatment.

This review aims to analyze various methods of medical rehabilitation for patients with acquired maxillary defects, their impact on patient quality of life, and long‑term outcomes. The review demonstrates a clear trend towards a multidisciplinary and digital approach that ensures predictable functional and aesthetic results. It was determined that the key factors in selecting a method are: the location and size of the defect, the presence of abutment teeth, the condition of soft tissues, a history of radiation therapy, the patient’s general status.