Psikhologicheskii zhurnal

Within the framework of historical psychology, the article focuses on the reconstruction of the historical time of the Great Patriotic War. The relevance and significance of the appeal to research in the field of historical memory as one of the components of strengthening national identity in the socio-humanitarian sciences is shown. The historical memory of historical events is a construct, while the restoration of historical time according to its main characteristics seems to be a more objective analysis of a specific time. The historical time of the Great Patriotic War is reconstructed in the article through the analysis of historical events, histo- rical figures, worldview and material history of the time. The spiritual sources of Victory, expressed in stable morale, determination to win, heroism at the front and selfless work in the rear, are the main psychological factors of the Great Victory.

Society, as a large group of people united by their common interests, values and goals, is studied by the authors in terms of social behavior and social interaction, i.e. there is an accentuation on the models of social relations and interaction, which are the reflection of the everyday ideas of specific people. In turn, the consideration of the individual as a subject of social relations and a bearer of individual social experience is conceptualized at the level of personality research. It is shown that an appeal to the theory of social identification of the individual is important for identifying the structural and substantive elements (factors) that affect the nature of social interaction of people and are manifested in various variants of social behavior. This methodological approach is used to identify the “variable set” of elements that have a decisive impact on the choice of the group with which a person consciously or unconsciously identifies himself. The study made it possible to obtain information on the psychological factors of religious self-identification of the individual at the individual, regional, national and global levels. The study of religious identity in combination with basic personal characteristics of a person that are difficult to change allows not only to understand more deeply the mechanisms of formation, development and dynamics of religious identity, but also to reduce the diversity of elements of social self-identification to a certain set of typical factors that are identified and described in the work.

In modern society, the family sphere is undergoing changes, including the interaction of men and women. For the first time, the relationship of men and women to social interaction in the family sphere is studied, taking into account the gender type defined by the author’s typology (patriarchal-polarized, patriarchal-similarative, egalitarian-polarized and egalitarian-similarative). The purpose of the study was to study the peculiarities of the relationship between men and women to social interaction, the main area of which is the family, considering the gender personality type. It was assumed that men and women, whose main sphere of interaction is the family, belonging to the same gender type, differ in their attitude to social interaction. The study used the author’s gender personality type questionnaire and a questionnaire on attitudes to social interaction. The sample consisted of 317 people (18–70 years old, 82.5% of them aged 21–40 years; 37% men, 63% women). Mathematical processing methods: descriptive statistics, step-by-step discriminant analysis (IBM SPSS 27.0), Cohen’s coefficient. Attitudes towards social interaction among men and women, representatives of the studied gender types, whose main sphere of interaction is the family, have significant differences in how different different spheres of life (family, work, leisure) are perceived; whether there is competition in relationships; how often interaction is based on morality and trust; how the subject treats generally accepted norms; how spontaneous and situational his interaction is; whether the subject takes into account the relationship with a specific person. The results of the study indicate that there are differences between men and women with the same gender type in their attitude to social interaction, the main sphere of which is the family. There is an increase in the number of differences as beliefs about the polarization of psychological characteristics of men and women increase, but only among representatives of “patriarchal” gender types. There are differences in the attitudes of men and women to social interaction that do not depend on the gender type and are also characteristic of representatives of different gender types, regardless of their gender. They are related to the parameters of interaction: the frequency of the subject’s orientation towards his own interests, the degree of activity, pragmatism, striving for equality, justice and willingness to submit. The results can be used in counseling and psychological education.

ChatGPT is an effective tool for text rewriting, enabling modifications to structure and phrasing, error correction, and improved readability. This study attempts to compare the efficiency of interaction and the “quality” of texts after rewriting by formulating requests to ChatGPT using three communication tactics: cooperative, informative, and persuasive. The effectiveness of such interaction was evaluated using scales measuring the ease of chatbot interaction and expert assessments of text quality. A comparison of the different communication tactics with ChatGPT revealed significant differences and trends when transitioning from cooperative to informative, and subsequently to persuasive tactics. An upward trend was observed in dialogue duration, the number of iterations, and text length, accompanied by increased logical coherence, structural clarity, and detail, as well as improved accuracy and fluency of the text. A downward trend was noted in metrics related to the ease of use and user support provided by the chatbot. The informative tactic occupied an intermediate position, delivering structured, complete, and comprehensive responses while reducing flexibility and coherence. The specificity of interaction in the informative tactic led to the identification of four latent variables explaining the variance across the three communication tactics: quality of interaction and user support in dialogue, user satisfaction with text quality, duration and volume of dialogue, and the substantive and semantic completeness of the text. The study illustrates the positioning of the examined communication tactics with ChatGPT within the space of these latent variables.

The article is devoted to the study of the features of life orientations and the dominant psycho-emotional state of members of post-guardian families. 240 respondents participated in the study: the main group included 40 post-guardian families (of which 40 were post-guardian and 40 were aged 18–25 years). The comparison groups were guardian families who are in the period of guardianship and post-guardianship: There are 40 guardian families with children from 7 to 11 years old and 40 guardian families with children from 12 to 17 years old. The following methods were used: the questionnaire of life orientations (E.Yu. Korzhova), the “Dominant state” technique (L.V. Kulikov). Descriptive statistics methods, the Mann-Whitney criterion, the Fisher criterion, and Spearman correlation analysis were used for qualitative and quantitative data processing to identify the relationship between life orientations and dominant status in post-refugee families. The statistical package STATISTICA 10 was used to process the statistical data. The predominant type of subject-object orientations in guardian families is the “consumer of a life situation”. The relationship between life orientations and dominant states in post-guardian families has been established. Post-guardians with an active lifestyle, willingness to change, and a high level of subjective control over life situations have higher levels of cheerfulness, vitality, calmness, and stability of emotional tone, as well as more self-confidence. Students with a focus on mastering the inner world have a greater activity in relation to the life situation and a stable emotional background. Those who strive for familiar situations are more likely to demonstrate cheerfulness, calmness and relaxation.

Modern studies are presented as developing K.V. Bardin’s ideas. The subject-oriented approach in psychophysics is specified as a subject-activity-oriented approach. Strategies of observer’s sensory activity serve as the psychological mechanism for individuality contribution to performance. Studies of decision-making in sensory tasks have revealed: an unconscious anticipation of future decisions, doubts as the internal mechanism of decision errors. The subject-behavioral approach to animal behavior studying has been formulated. In visual tasks individually-typological groups of reptiles have been identified according to the impulsivity parameter. Under emotional stress, decreased success has been found in visual discrimination: in sensitivity and decision-making criterion conservatism along with decision time increase. Taking the anti-stress homeopathic medicine has improved these characteristics up to the normal level, and they allowed to identify groups of observers with different stress resistance. So its diagnostic is possible via the psychophysical method used. Visual sensitivity in persons with hard somatic diseases (oncology, cerebral palsy, allergic dermatoses) depended on the type of pathology, and could be both lower and higher than in healthy ones. The criterion conservatism was reduced in all groups of patients, but the psychological content of this strategy (as a mechanism for their discomfort compensating in order to the sensory task performing) is different for different pathologies. Visual, auditory and tactile thresholds have been assessed in preschoolers. Neuropsychological tests have been conducted and functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres has been assessed to determine their relationships with manifestations of neurocognitive development in children. Various structural and functional relationships of threshold values with graphomotor neuropsychological characteristics and asymmetry indices have been established in the leading sensory systems studied.

As part of a study of the process of acquiring a new skill, this paper compared groups of participants demonstrating varying degrees of skill acquisition and improvement of a skill formed using the “Yes/No” psychophysical task. It was assumed that when learning a new skill, the participants could acquire new experience at different rates and, thus, after the same number of behavioral acts of interaction with the task, have different degrees of formation of the new functional system, which would be manifested in differences in response time, “sensitivity index” d’, and decision criterion β. One group of participants (N = 28, 18 to 45 years, median 19 years, 7 males, 21 females) in the study were trained to discriminate between short time intervals presented in the visual modality in a single session, while a second group (N = 51, 18 to 32 years, median 22 years, 27 males, 24 females) underwent similar training in two sessions spaced 24 hours apart. It was shown that such effects as bias in the decision criterion score β, its independence from the “sensitivity” score d’, and longer time for the response category “No, there was no difference” compared to the response category “Yes, there was a difference” were observed only in the groups of higher-performing participants (demonstrating the skill without prior training) compared to other groups of participants (in all cases at p ≤ 0.05). These phenomena were not observed in the groups of lower performing participants (those who did not acquired skill and those who acquired skill as they progressed through the experiment). The obtained results are interpreted from the standpoint of the system-evolutionary approach on the basis of ideas about systemogenesis and the number of degrees of freedom of neuron and organism observed at the stage of mismatch and after the completion of the process of systemogenesis.

The article is dedicated to the 45th anniversary of the Russian academic “Psychological Journal” (ISSN 0205–9592). Bibliometric and scientometric indicators of its publication activity are considered in a chronological perspective: the number of publications by year and thematic headings, the number of unique authors, the composition of the core cohort of authors, the distribution of authors by countries and organizations, thematic focus of the journal articles (by headings and clusters), citation ratings of the journal in the Russian Science Citation Index and Web of Science. A conclusion is made about the high scientific and publishing status of the journal. The pages of the “Psychological Journal” published articles that were in tune with their time and raised the most important issues of fundamental and applied psychological science.

The article is a scientific-historical study focused on the issue of mutual influence and enrichment between psychology and technology, using the development of robotics as an example of the evolution of basic engineering-psychological concepts of a key figure in domestic robotics, scientist and organizer of the Central Research Institute of Robotics and Technical Cybernetics (St. Petersburg), Dr. of Technical Sciences Evgeny Ivanovich Yurevich. The article presents facts from his biography and provides an analysis of his creative and organizational activities, which demonstrate the close interdisciplinary connection between psychology and the practice of engineering design of complex robotic systems. The role of classical engineering psychology in Yurevich’s views as a methodological foundation for the creation of remotely controlled and mobile robots is highlighted. The evolution of Yurevich’s engineering-psychological concepts in prospective projects aimed at creating robots with artificial intelligence and intelligent behavior is analyzed. The scientist’s ideas in the field of conceptual design of intelligent robotics are examined. Promising directions for the development of robo- tics psychology and engineering psychology in connection with new approaches and solutions in the creation of complex technical systems are outlined.

This article advances the ideas presented by Oleinik and Zhuravlev (2024) regarding the role of scientific traditions, emphasizing their dynamic nature. While acknowledging the value of the authors’ systematic approach and three-dimensional model of scientific tradition, the paper identifies their insufficient attention to: (1) the inherently conflict-driven character of traditions, and (2) their dependence on technological and institutional factors. The analysis focuses on the paradoxical capacity of traditions to simultaneously preserve and transform knowledge. The study proposes an expanded conceptualization of scientific tradition as an ongoing struggle between conservation and innovation.

The article examines the problem of systematization of theoretical approaches in psychology through metaphorical associations with characters of ancient mythology. Using artificial intelligence (ChatGPT and Gemini), clustering of approaches based on their similarity to mythological narratives is performed. The obtained results demonstrate the potential heuristic value of semantic compression using artificial intelligence for systematization of theoretical materials and identification of hidden relationships.