Therapeutic and Preventive Approaches to Protect Dental Hard Tissues and Periodontal Tissues from Non Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation: A Review

Non‑ionising electromagnetic fields (EMFs)—ranging from the extremely low frequencies of power‑transmission lines to the radio‑frequency emissions of mobile devices and Wi‑Fi—form an ever‑intensifying background to which the oral cavity is continuously exposed. During the past decade convincing evidence has emerged that such exposure is not biologically neutral: in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated reductions in enamel micro‑hardness, induction of oxidative stress in saliva, corrosive changes in dental alloys and disruption of periodontal homeostasis. Yet current clinical guidelines for caries and periodontal‑disease prevention scarcely consider EM load as a risk factor.
This review synthesises 25 studies published between 2015 and 2025, integrating disparate findings into a unified concept of multilevel protection for dental hard tissues and the periodontium.

For the first time, a comparative efficacy matrix is proposed in which remineralising agents (fluoride, Ca–P compounds, nano‑hydroxyapatite) and antioxidants (melatonin, vitamin C) are evaluated alongside physical modalities—photobiomodulation, Nd:YAG laser therapy, pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) and shielding coatings. A synthetic analysis shows that chemical remineralisation can restore enamel micro‑hardness to 96 % of baseline values, whereas antioxidant therapy reduces lipid‑peroxidation markers by nearly 40 %. LED‑ and laser‑based protocols shorten periodontal‑pocket depth by an average of 1.2 mm, while local PEMF accelerates early implant osseointegration and minimises orthodontic relapse.

The originality of this review lies in its comprehensive interpretation of the data: the authors align molecular damage mechanisms—oxidative stress, demineralisation and inflammation—with the evidence base for preventive interventions, thereby creating a practical algorithm that can be incorporated into dental clinical standards. A dedicated section addresses the protection of children and adolescents, whose developing enamel absorbs proportionally more radio‑frequency energy—an aspect seldom covered in comparable publications. Finally, the article identifies priority directions for future research: standardised EMF dosimetry, long‑term randomised trials of combined preventive strategies and clinical validation of barrier materials. Thus, the review not only systematises existing approaches but also proposes a pragmatic roadmap for reducing EMF‑induced mineralisation defects and inflammatory responses amid ubiquitous digitalisation.