Vol 29, No 5 (2025)

BACKGROUND: Few publications address the potential development of oral electrogalvanic processes in individuals wearing orthodontic appliances. However, brackets, archwires, and retainers are often fabricated from dissimilar metal alloys, which may lead to the formation of galvanic couples in the oral cavity.

AIM: To assess the risks of electro-galvanic processes during orthodontic treatment of young patients with dentofacial anomalies, depending on the electro-galvanic parameters of components of orthodontic appliances in the oral cavity.

METHODS: Thirty-one patients with various dentofacial anomalies were examined during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances (bracket systems). Galvanic couples among metallic components of orthodontic appliances (brackets, archwires, retainers) were identified by measuring the electrochemical potentials of each metallic element present intraorally for each patient, followed by calculating potential differences in millivolts (mV). A galvanic couple was considered present if the potential difference exceeded 50 mV. Measurements were obtained using a Fluke 115 multimeter (Fluke, USA). In addition, hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in gingival crevicular fluid adjacent to metallic elements forming galvanic couples was determined with pHSCAN indicator strips (pHSCAN, Russia). Differences in pH values were then calculated; if the difference exceeded 0.6 units, the galvanic couple was classified as active.

RESULTS: Electrochemical potential measurements revealed that most patients (n = 27; 87.1%) did not present galvanic couples. The mean potential difference among appliance components was 27.7 ± 0.9 mV. In contrast, four patients (12.9%) demonstrated supranormal potential differences between archwires and brackets, averaging 66.0 ± 1.5 mV. In these patients, gingival crevicular fluid pH values ranged from 6.4 to 6.8 (mean, 6.60 ± 0.15), with pH differences below 0.6 units in all cases. However, objective evaluation of galvanic couple activity based on pH differences was not feasible because orthodontic components lacked direct contact with the gingival crevice and its fluid.

CONCLUSION: A relatively high frequency of galvanic couples formed by elements of orthodontic appliances was observed (12.9% of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment). Currently, reliable determination of galvanic couple activity during orthodontic treatment remains unavailable; therefore, these patients require increased attention and longitudinal monitoring to detect signs of electrogalvanic processes at an early stage.

BACKGROUND: Studies across countries show associations between dental caries and food consumption. However, links between caries and dietary patterns in adults and older adults living in the European North of Russia remain insufficiently explored.

AIM: This study aimed to examine associations between caries experience and dietary patterns in adult and older adult residents of Arkhangelsk Region.

METHODS: We assessed the dental profile of 1586 participants in the observational cross-sectional study “Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Regions of the Russian Federation. Third Examination” (ESSE-RF3; ages 35–74 years). Participants reported the frequency of consumption of various foods and beverages. We evaluated hard dental tissues according to the methodology of the WHO Regional Office for Europe and recorded the DMFT index (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth), calculated as the sum of decayed (D), filled (F), and missing (M) teeth. To assess associations between the DMFT index and food-consumption frequency, we fitted simple and multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, education, income, occupation, marital status, smoking, and alcohol consumption.

RESULTS: The DMFT index decreased with increasing frequency of vegetable consumption (fresh and cooked) (p _{for trend} < 0.001). Сaries experience was 1.8 points higher among participants who consumed bread and bakery products daily or almost daily than among those who consumed them less than once per week (p = 0.026), which was consistent with increasing caries experience as consumption frequency increased (p _{for trend} < 0.006). Caries experience decreased with higher plain drinking-water intake (p _{for trend} = 0.008). The DMFT index among individuals consuming black tea more than 3 times per day was 2.7 points higher than among nonconsumers (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Among Arkhangelsk Region residents aged 35–74 years, lower caries experience is associated with frequent consumption of vegetables and plain drinking water, whereas higher caries experience is associated with frequent consumption of bread and bakery products and black tea. These findings should inform population-level and individualized caries-prevention programs for adults and older adults.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis causes persistent oral discomfort manifested by gingival inflammation and tenderness, thereby limiting normal physiological functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of chronic periodontitis treatment using stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in combination with native autologous platelet plasma (APP). The findings may contribute to the optimization of periodontitis treatment methods and improve the prognosis for patients with this condition.

AIM: To evaluate the influence of the SVF in combination with native APP on periodontal tissue condition, reduction of inflammation and alveolar bone regeneration.

METHODS: 85 patients aged 36 to 65 years with chronic periodontitis and a body mass index > 30 were randomly divided into two groups according to the treatment method: group 1 — the main group (n = 43), where standard therapy was supplemented with injections of SVF and native APP into the periodontal tissues; group 2 — the control group (n = 42), where only conventional therapy was used. The analysis and evaluation of treatment effectiveness were based on clinical and instrumental diagnostic methods. Clinical parameters used to assess the effectiveness of periodontal therapy included: (1) oral hygiene index (HI) by Fedorov–Volodkina and Mühlemann bleeding index (BI), both assessed after staining; (2) probing depth (PD) measured with a periodontal probe; (3) tooth mobility assessed using the Miller mobility index with dental tweezers; (4) bone resorption evaluated using computed tomography (CT); and (5) periodontal microcirculation assessed by laser capillary blood flow analysis (LAKK-OP).

RESULTS: In group 1, the following indicators were obtained: HI, 3.500 ± 0.021; BI, 3.600 ± 0.022; PD, 5.100 ± 1.020 mm. CT revealed alveolar bone resorption up to one third of the root length. Doppler flowmetry demonstrated a blood perfusion volume of 19.010 ± 0.034 perfusion units and a perfusion rate of 1.620 ± 0.034 perfusion units. In group 2, HI was 3.400 ± 0.023, BI 3.500 ± 0.021, and PD 5.0 ± 1.030 mm. CT revealed alveolar bone resorption extending to one third of the root length, with a perfusion volume of 18.050 ± 0.033 perfusion units and a perfusion rate of 1.540 ± 0.028 perfusion units.

CONCLUSION: The use of SVF and native APP in the comprehensive treatment of chronic periodontitis has a beneficial effect on periodontal condition. A marked improvement in periodontal status was observed, manifested clinically by normalization of gingival appearance and reduction in bleeding and swelling of the marginal and papillary gingiva. Alveolar bone showed stabilization, periodontal defects regressed, progression of alveolar bone resorption was halted, and no tooth mobility was observed.

BACKGROUND: Air-drying exposed dentin with open dentinal tubules is ineffective because rapid rehydration (refilling of the tubules with dentinal fluid) occurs within a very short time, effectively nullifying the procedure. As a result, penetration of dentinal fluid into the adhesive system of composite restorations is inevitable.

Developing methods to mitigate the adverse effects of dentinal fluid on composite bonding — guided by objective, instrument-based assessment of dentin moisture — is a timely priority in contemporary dentistry.

AIM: This trial aimed to develop a clinical method for evaluating dentin moisture using spectrophotometry.

METHODS: A VITA Easyshade spectrophotometer (VITA Zahnfabrik H. Rauter GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) was used to assess dentin moisture due to dentinal fluid. Dentin moisture was assessed by analyzing its color parameters — lightness (L), chroma (C), and hue (H) — which change over time as dentinal fluid accumulates on the dentin surface.

RESULTS: In dentin not treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite, lightness (L) decreased from 82.6 to 73.1 units (−11.8%) and chroma (C) decreased from 25.5 to 20.2 units (−20.8%) within 5 minutes, indicating increased dentin density. In dentin treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes, lightness (L) decreased from 76.5 to 74.6 units (−2.5%), and chroma (C) decreased from 22.4 to 21.1 units (−5.9%).

CONCLUSION: Spectrophotometry can be used as an objective method for evaluating dentin moisture in vital teeth under clinical conditions. Pretreatment of dentin with 3% sodium hypochlorite before composite restoration substantially reduces dentin moisture and has a beneficial effect on adhesion.

This review synthesizes current evidence on the use of 3D-printed polymer post-and-core restorations for rehabilitation of endodontically treated teeth. Based on a search of publications from 2021 to 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CrossRef, DOAJ, Google Scholar, and eLIBRARY.RU, more than 50 records were screened. Fourteen articles were selected according to relevance, full-text availability, and clinical focus, including clinical observations, in vitro experiments, and systematic reviews.

Studies have shown that additively manufactured polymer restorations are bio inert, corrosion resistant, and exhibit an elastic modulus comparable to dentin, thereby reducing the risk of root fractures commonly observed in metal and zirconia systems. High-precision digital modeling provides an accurate fit and reduces the extent of tooth preparation, preserving up to 25% of hard dental tissues. Optimized post-processing (ultraviolet curing in a nitrogen environment and polishing) decreases surface roughness and improves bonding. These advantages, combined with a 40%–60% reduction in laboratory time and approximately one-third lower treatment cost, support the economic feasibility of the approach. Clinical case series with five-year follow-up demonstrate restoration stability without signs of failure or decompensation and with maintained function. Limitations include the need for expensive equipment, high energy consumption, and a shortage of clinical trial data.

The findings suggest that polymer 3D-printed post-and-core restorations are a promising alternative to conventional systems; however, their reliability requires confirmation in expanded clinical studies with follow-up beyond five years.

Non-ionizing electromagnetic fields — from extremely low-frequency power lines to radiofrequency emissions from mobile devices and Wi-Fi — create a steadily increasing environmental background that also affects the oral cavity. Over the past decade, evidence has accumulated showing that such exposure is not biologically neutral: in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated reductions in enamel microhardness, initiation of oxidative stress in saliva, corrosion of dental alloys, and disturbances of periodontal homeostasis. However, current clinical guidelines for caries and periodontal disease prevention scarcely account for electromagnetic exposure as a contributing factor. This review summarizes 25 studies published between 2011 and 2025, integrating disparate findings into a unified concept of multilevel protection of the dental hard tissues and periodontium.

For the first time, a comparative effectiveness matrix is proposed in which remineralizing agents (fluoride, calcium-phosphate, nanohydroxyapatite) and antioxidants (melatonin, vitamin C) are evaluated alongside physical methods such as photobiomodulation, Nd:YAG laser treatment, pulsed electromagnetic fields, and shielding coatings. Data analysis indicates that chemical remineralization restores enamel microhardness up to 96% of baseline, while antioxidant therapy reduces salivary lipid peroxidation markers by nearly 40%. Light-based protocols (LED and laser) decrease probing pocket depth by an average of 1.2 mm, whereas local pulsed electromagnetic field exposure accelerates early implant osseointegration and reduces orthodontic relapse.

The uniqueness of this review lies in its integrative interpretation of findings: molecular mechanisms of damage (oxidative stress, demineralization, inflammation) are correlated with the evidence base of preventive strategies, forming a practical algorithm suitable for integration into dental care standards.

Special attention is given to children and adolescents, whose developing enamel absorbs more radiofrequency energy, an aspect rarely addressed in prior reviews.

Finally, the review outlines priority areas for future research: standardization of electromagnetic field dosimetry, long-term randomized clinical trials of combined strategies, and clinical validation of barrier materials. Thus, this review not only systematizes existing approaches but also provides a practical roadmap for mitigating electromagnetic field–induced mineralization defects and inflammatory changes of dental hard tissues and periodontal tissues in the era of ubiquitous digitalization.