Vol 25, No 3 (2021)

BACKGROUND: Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are often accompanied by changes in the oral cavity. This is largely due to the morphological and functional unity of the oral mucosa and the entire digestive tract. Therefore, the role of a dentist is important in early oncological alertness for detecting malignant neoplasms at an early stage of their development.

AIM: Present the results of a morphological study of the mucous membrane of the mouth of an animal during experimental carcinogenesis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 168 sexually mature outbred white male rats kept under standard vivarium conditions. The animals were divided into the following groups: control — 84 individuals and experimental — 84 animals with simulated colon adenocarcinomatosis. Every 30 days of the experiment, 12 animals were withdrawn from the control and experimental groups. Carcinogenesis was modeled by the introduction of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride, previously diluted with isotonic sodium chloride solution. Using a histological study, the mucous membrane of the mouth was studied in animals of both examined groups.

RESULTS: The dynamics of morphological changes in the mucous membrane of the animal’s mouth was revealed against the background of the development of adenocarcinomatosis of the large intestine; the development of destructive-degenerative and sclerotic changes in the mucous membrane of the mouth of animals with simulated adenocarcinomatosis of the large intestine, the severity of which increased in accordance with the period of development of the neoplasm, was established.

CONCLUSION: The revealed changes in the large intestine and the mucous membrane of the animal’s mouth, caused by a simulated chemical carcinogen, indicate a high risk of developing a malignant tumor with spread to all parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

BACKGROUND: The wide prevalence and mutual influence of periodontitis and arterial hypertension determine the importance of choosing a rational approach to denture prosthetics in this patients.

AIM: The study was to choose a rational tactics of dental prosthetics in patients with chronic periodontitis and arterial hypertension based on a clinical and instrumental assessment of the periodontal condition and morphofunctional characteristics of neuroendocrine gum cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of the examination of 120 patients with periodontitis and hypertension are presented, of which 90 patients had denture defects, 30 patients — intact dentition. Clinical examination, immunohistochemical, and morphometric studies were performed. 90 patients underwent prosthetics of dentition defects, of which: 32 patients were fitted with metal dentures, 30-metal-ceramic dentures, 28 patients were fitted with thermoplastic resin removable partial dentures.

RESULTS: Periodontitis in patients with hypertension is characterized by more significant changes in the expression of endothelin-1-, melatonin- and endothelial NO-synthase-like cells of gum, than periodontitis in patients without somatic pathology. After periodontal treatment, the use of metal-ceramic dentures and thermoplastic resin removable partial dentures by a year-long persistent remission of periodontitis in 85.7–86.7% of patients is accompanied. Remission is achieved against the background of satisfactory hygiene indicators and restoring the neurotransmitter balance of the oral cavity. After a year of metal dentures, 43.7% of patients report an exacerbation of periodontitis, which by poor hygiene and local neuroendocrine imbalance is facilitated.

CONCLUSION: The use of metal-ceramic dentures and thermoplastic resin removable partial dentures is the preferred option for prosthetics of dentition defects in patients with periodontitis and hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Social adaptation of patients with complete absence of teeth is associated with fixation and stabilization of prostheses during chewing and speech. It is necessary to take into account the somatic status of the patient, the causes of tooth loss, pay attention to the clinical stages of orthopedic treatment.

AIM: Of the study is to increase the efficiency of the orthopedic dentist with full removable prosthetics.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The conditions for obtaining a compression impression are a rigid spoon, silicone impression material of medium viscosity, constant pressure at the time of impression removal. The indication for removing the compression impression is the mucous membrane of the 1st type according to the Supple. The conditions for removing decompression impressions are a perforated individual spoon, liquid-flowing impression material, no pressure on the oral mucosa. The indication for the use of decompression impressions is a thin, atrophied mucous membrane of the oral cavity of the 2nd type according to Supple. It is necessary to use functional impressions combined according to the degree of pressure on the oral mucosa. This implies the peculiarities of manufacturing a rigid base with wax rollers. After determining the central ratio of the jaws and packing the template basis with bite rollers, the doctor applies the impression material differentially to its inner surface. Both templates with bite rollers are inserted into the oral cavity, the doctor controls the central position of the lower jaw, while functional impressions are taken from the upper and lower jaws, taking into account the functional pressure of the patient’s chewing muscles. This will allow you to evenly distribute the chewing pressure on the oral mucosa. The value of functional rest is determined by measuring two marked points at the base of the nose and on the chin and always exceeds the amount of separation in the state of the central ratio of the jaws by the amount of the interclusal space. Having determined the amount of functional rest, they begin to design the maxillary occlusion pattern, then note the anatomical landmarks. Often, the removal of impressions with a corrective silicone mass is performed in the position of the central ratio.

The value of functional rest is determined by a set of anatomical landmarks in a state of maximum possible muscle relaxation in combination with phonetic tests when closing the lips without tension.

RESULTS: The determination of the central ratio on rigid bases makes it possible to accurately fix the interalveolar distance. Patients adapt to prosthetic structures faster.

The use of a facial arch with an articulator significantly improves the quality of the prosthetic structure, allows you to individualize the anatomical parameters of the patient.

When determining the central ratio of the jaws, checking the design of the future prosthesis, cone-beam computed tomography of the temporomandibular joint was used to control the position of the heads of the lower jaw, confirming the correctness of the actions. At the stage of checking the design of the removable prosthesis, phonetic tests were used.

CONCLUSION: The use of combined impressions with simultaneous determination of the central ratio of the jaws and control of the position of the heads of the lower jaw can accelerate the process of orthopedic treatment (combining two stages) and adaptation to removable prostheses. To improve speech during treatment, it is necessary to use special phonetic tests that allow you to restore the correct ratio between the jaws, find the optimal position of artificial teeth, determine the boundaries and shape of the basis of the prosthesis and design the optimal prosthesis for each patient.

BACKGROUND: In the context of public health, high-quality training of dental professionals is essential for improvement of the provision of dental care in the cities and rural areas of Russia. Therefore, adequate training should become a cornerstone of the conceptual solution to inadequate organization and poor quality of primary health care.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the opinion of teachers at medical universities regarding the level of preparation among dental students in specialty programs in order to identify and address problematic areas requiring improvement.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey was conducted among 115 teachers who were responsible for training dental students in specialty programs in 17 medical universities in Russia.

RESULTS: The majority of teachers rated the theoretical training of dental students in specialty programs as either good or excellent, although this was not replicated when considering practical training. Instead, the overwhelming majority of teachers rated the practical training as good (36.52%), satisfactory (44.35%), or unsatisfactory (19.13%). The most difficult dental topics to teach were gnathology (67.83%), maxillofacial prosthetics (53.04%), oncostomatology (45.22%), gerontostomatology (36.52%), salivalogy (20.87%), dental arthrology (13.04%), and neurostomatology (13.04%). The overwhelming majority of teachers (71.3%) reported spending a lot of time on methodological work.

CONCLUSION: The current questionnaire-based study analyzed trends in teacher’s opinions regarding the quality of theoretical and practical training provided to dental students in specialty programs as well as the manual skills of students in various fields of dentistry. The most difficult topics to teach were identified, and information on what teachers considered necessary for the improvement of dental training was collected.

The review presents the impact of modern dental treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa on the prognosis of dental health after the end of the main antitumor treatment. The literature for the last 5 years was analyzed from the databases PubMed MedLine, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health and CyberLeninka platforms, eLibrary.ru. The literature sources taken for the review are indexed in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, RSCI.

The authors conducted a search for modern methods and algorithms of dental treatment for this category of patients. Indications, possible risks and frequent complications of the main types of antitumor treatment and its long-term impact on dental health in general have been identified.

This article is dedicated to Professor P.P. Lvov, the founder of maxillofacial surgery and dentistry in this country, and his students. Professor P.P. Lvov is a graduate of the medical faculty of Imperial Tomsk University as well as the surgical school of R.R. Vreden and F.I. Zverzhkhovsky. He is also the founder of his own scientific school along with Professors A.A. Limberg, S.F. Kosykh, L.R. Balon, V.M. Uvarov, V.N. Kartashev, N.M. Stepanov, and A.I. Ediberidze. He has authored several fundamental pieces of work on bone grafting for mandibular defects, odontogenic osteomyelitis of the jaws, ankyloses of the temporomandibular joint, and surgical treatment of congenital clefts of the palate. Additionally, he is also the Head of the Department of Dentistry at the First Leningrad Medical Institute (1923–1946), an honorable doctor of the RSFSR and, along with Prof. A.A. Limberg, the author of the first Russian Textbook of Surgical Dentistry (1938) which is very popular among students and doctors.

BACKGROUND: Relevance. In the development of Russian dentistry, one can clearly trace the emergence and gradual formation of two independent directions that merged together only after the October Socialist Revolution. The first of them is connected with the organization and treatment of maxillofacial wounded, the second — with the organization and treatment of dental diseases. It is impossible to imagine the development of these areas without specialists who have made a unique contribution to the development of domestic and world dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. The Russian Journal of Dentistry opens a new section «Pages of Memory», which will be dedicated to prominent scientists, clinicians, organizers of dental care, as well as prominent public figures of healthcare. This section begins with materials about the life, professional activity and contribution to military and practical dentistry of academician, Colonel-General of the medical service Fyodor Ivanovich Komarov.

To date, the contributions of Professor F.I. Komarov and his students to the field of dentistry are little known to a wide range of doctors and teachers in medical universities across the country.

This paper summarizes the achievements of Professor Fedor Ivanovich Komarov, an outstanding scientist and clinician, veteran of the great Patriotic war, academic at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, Laureate of the State Prize of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, honored scientist of Russia, doctor of medical sciences, General Colonel of medical services, and a forerunner of modern medicine on the occasion of the anniversary of his 100th birthday. As head of the central military medical department of the Ministry of Defense and Vice-President of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Professor F.I. Komarov made a significant contribution to the development of medical science and practical and military health care. This paper focus on his contributions to some of the lesser-known areas of research in the field of dentistry.

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